The bolt-strip looks indeed similar to the one I know from prindle.

For repair you could consider the easy quick way: the strip is there only for mounting ease, because the enforcement-box will take over the washing-ring-function of the strip.

Then just replace the bolts with 316SS bolts, with the nearest bigger size (and okay, add a washer too). Try to pick bolts with an unthreaded shaft just below the head, so they won't eat the alu.

It looks from the picture as if the bolt-holes in the box are a bit worn out, hence also the bigger boltsize.
But it all depends on the condition of this boxholes and the holes in the beam and the dolphinstriker itself, if this is a reasonable solution.

I propose this solution because I think that here the used material of the bolts is indeed a higher grade SS, tougher and stronger, but more vulnerable for galvanic corrosion.

In my experience all the prindles, nacras and inters in a salty sea environment are predestinated to have these dolphinstriker problem. It's just a matter of time; in fact you should check this regularly and change bolts every 5 year.