Hmm,no.
say about 100 holes all 4 1/2" dia. Duct tape on barnacles just wouldn't do. Even plywood would be impractical. A diver would be prone to getting sucked up against a hole and held against the barnacles by about 200 lb force, and given a haemoraging hicky of death.
I'd go for pumping hot wax in the viscinity of the hole, into the cold water. Heavy fuel oil might do,if it was cold enough, or was it a coal fired ship? That exhausts my daily quota of silly ideas.
Now if it was a sailing ship, they would have keel hauled some canvas over the holed area, and been on their merry way.