What are the potential damages from carrying too much weight on the boat?
Not much really. Most components are optimized for stiffness rather then strength. This means that most components are overdimensioned to get the required stiffness thereby being very very strong. Things that break when putting alot of weight on the boat in rough conditions are :
-1- Breaking the daggerboards
-2- Collapsing the mast (under too much compression)
-3- Damage the layup underneath the rearbeam or mainbeam.
And how would the builder know that specific damages resulted from too much weight, thereby voiding the warranty?
It is not the builder who you should worry about but the insureance companies and they have ways to find out. Also inspection of the damaged area's can tell alot about preceded it.
Wouter