It is not necessarily the strength of the materials in a laminate that determines which will break first, it is the stiffness of each material. Deflection/bending is the key.

Imagine two simple laminates; stiff carbon and flexible fibreglass. Under the same load the carbon will deflect less than the glass. Keep increasing the load and you will find as expected that the fibreglass laminate will break first, but at a much greater deflection than the carbon.

Now join the two laminates together. The carbon is so much stiffer than the glass that the deflection allowed by the carbon won't be very large, and certainly nowhere near the deflection required to stress the glass fibres greatly. Increasing the load and the carbon will continue to restrict deflection below that required for the glass to fracture, until the carbon breaks a little below what it would've alone (because the glass is providing a little bit of support).

This is a highly simplified scenario, it gets a bit trickier when considering hoop stresses and laminate shear forces, buckling, etc.